[A case of acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by inhalation of hydrogen chloride].

Poisoning induced by inhalation of hydrogen chloride has significant effects on the respiratory system. It can cause severe pulmonary edema and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the early stage, and even death in critical cases. As a novel treatment for ARDS, the efficacy of sivelestat sodium in infection-induced ARDS has been widely verified, but its application in ARDS caused by chemical poisoning is still scarce in literature. Here we report a case of ARDS induced by hydrogen chloride inhalation which was successfully treated with sivelestat sodium and conventional treatment.

Rosmarinic acid ameliorates HCl-induced cystitis in rats.

Shiso (Perilla frutescens var crispa f. purprea) is a traditional medicinal herb that exerts anti-inflammatory effects and alleviates lower urinary tract symptoms. In this study, we examined the effects of rosmarinic acid, a major polyphenol in shiso, on urinary function and the bladder in a rat hydrochloric acid-induced cystitis model. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered intravesically with hydrochloric acid or saline solution (control) to induce cystitis. Afterwards, the rats were administered orally with distilled water or rosmarinic acid for three days and then the intravesical pressure was measured, a stretch stimulation test was performed using the harvested bladder, and histological and biochemical analyses were performed. In addition, we investigated the effects of rosmarinic acid on the expression of inflammation-related molecules in normal human bladder epithelial cells. Rosmarinic acid ameliorated hydrochloric acid-induced shortening of micturition interval by 49%. In hydrochloric acid-treated bladders, significantly more prostaglandin E2 was released after stretching; however, rosmarinic acid suppressed its release to control levels. Rosmarinic acid also reduced hydrochloric acid-induced epithelial thickening and the levels of inflammatory molecules in the bladder. Furthermore, rosmarinic acid suppressed interleukin 1ß-induced increases in Cox2 and Il6 expression in bladder epithelial cells. These findings indicate that rosmarinic acid can ameliorate hydrochloric acid-induced cystitis in rats and that these effects are due, at least in part, to its anti-inflammatory effects on the bladder and inhibition of stretch-induced prostaglandin E2 release.

The Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor, AT13387, Protects the Alveolo-Capillary Barrier and Prevents HCl-Induced Chronic Lung Injury and Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) exposure causes asthma-like conditions, reactive airways dysfunction syndrome, and pulmonary fibrosis. Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone that regulates multiple cellular processes. HSP90 inhibitors are undergoing clinical trials for cancer and are also being studied in various pre-clinical settings for their anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. Here we investigated the ability of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor AT13387 to prevent chronic lung injury induced by exposure to HCl in vivo and its protective role in the endothelial barrier in vitro. We instilled C57Bl/6J mice with 0.1N HCl (2 µL/g body weight, intratracheally) and after 24 h began treatment with vehicle or AT13387 (10 or 15 mg/kg, SC), administered 3×/week; we analyzed histological, functional, and molecular markers 30 days after HCl. In addition, we monitored transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) and protein expression in a monolayer of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) exposed to HCl (0.02 N) and treated with vehicle or AT13387 (2 µM). HCl provoked persistent alveolar inflammation; activation of profibrotic pathways (MAPK/ERK, HSP90); increased deposition of collagen, fibronectin and elastin; histological evidence of fibrosis; and a decline in lung function reflected in a downward shift in pressure-volume curves, increased respiratory system resistance (Rrs), elastance (Ers), tissue damping (G), and hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Treatment with 15 mg/kg AT13387reduced alveolar inflammation, fibrosis, and NLRP3 staining; blocked activation of ERK and HSP90; and attenuated the deposition of collagen and the development of chronic lung injury and airway hyperreactivity. In vitro, AT13387 prevented HCl-induced loss of barrier function and AKT, ERK, and ROCK1 activation, and restored HSP70 and cofilin expression. The HSP90 inhibitor, AT13387, represents a promising drug candidate for chronic lung injury that can be administered subcutaneously in the field, and at low, non-toxic doses.

The protective effect of manganese superoxide dismutase from thermophilic bacterium HB27 on hydrochloric acid-induced chemical cystitis in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) from thermophilic bacterium HB27 (name as Tt-SOD) on chemical cystitis. METHODS: Control and experimental rats were infused by intravesical saline or hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the first day of the experiments. Saline, sodium hyaluronate (SH) or Tt-SOD were infused intravesically once a day for three consequent days. On the fifth day, the rats were weighted and sacrificed following a pain threshold test. The bladder was harvested for histological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS: Tt-SOD could reduce the bladder index, infiltration of inflammatory cells in tissues, serum inflammatory factors and SOD levels, mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in tissues, and increase perineal mechanical pain threshold and serum MDA and ROS levels in HCl-induced chemical cystitis. Furthermore, Tt-SOD alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress by the negative regulation of the NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Intravesical instillation of Tt-SOD provides protective effects against HCl-induced cystitis.

Cissus subtetragona Planch. Ameliorates Inflammatory Responses in LPS-induced Macrophages, HCl/EtOH-induced Gastritis, and LPS-induced Lung Injury via Attenuation of Src and TAK1.

Several Cissus species have been used and reported to possess medicinal benefits. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Cissus subtetragona have not been described. In this study, we examined the potential anti-inflammatory effects of C. subtetragona ethanol extract (Cs-EE) in vitro and in vivo, and investigated its molecular mechanism as well as its flavonoid content. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages as well as LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and HCl/EtOH-induced acute gastritis mouse models were utilized. Luciferase assays, immunoblotting analyses, overexpression strategies, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were performed to identify the molecular mechanisms and targets of Cs-EE. Cs-EE concentration-dependently reduced the secretion of NO and PGE2, inhibited the expression of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and decreased NF-κB- and AP-1-luciferase activity. Subsequently, we determined that Cs-EE decreased the phosphorylation events of NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. Cs-EE treatment also significantly ameliorated the inflammatory symptoms of HCl/EtOH-induced acute gastritis and LPS-induced ALI mouse models. Overexpression of HA-Src and HA-TAK1 along with CETSA experiments validated that inhibited inflammatory responses are the outcome of attenuation of Src and TAK1 activation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Cs-EE could be utilized as an anti-inflammatory remedy especially targeting against gastritis and acute lung injury by attenuating the activities of Src and TAK1.

Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome following inhalation of hydrogen chloride vapor

Hydrogen chloride is available commercially as an anhydrous gas or an aqueous solution, hydrochloric acid. Exposure to this gas has been associated with the development of reactive airways dysfunction syndrome. However, there are few published reports. A 37-year-old woman developed progressive bronchospasm and acute respiratory failure after cleaning an enclosed space with an unknown concentration of hydrochloric acid gas from a cleaning substance. She had no prior history of asthma or atopy. Severe bronchospasm developed, leading to hypoxemia and diffuse interstitial infiltrates, necessitating orotracheal intubation and admission to the intensive care unit. Asthma-like symptoms such as cough, wheezing, and dyspnea; requiring bronchodilators, and repeated hospitalizations are persistent a year after the accident. Pulmonary function testing showed mild airflow obstruction.

Alveolar Type II Cells or Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Comparison of Two Different Cell Therapies for the Treatment of Acute Lung Injury in Rats.

The use of cell therapies has recently increased for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and alveolar type II cells (ATII) are the main cell-based therapies used for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Many pre-clinical studies have shown that both therapies generate positive outcomes; however, the differences in the efficiency of MSCs or ATII for reducing lung damage remains to be studied. We compared the potential of both cell therapies, administering them using the same route and dose and equal time points in a sustained acute lung injury (ALI) model. We found that the MSCs and ATII cells have similar therapeutic effects when we tested them in a hydrochloric acid and lipopolysaccharide (HCl-LPS) two-hit ALI model. Both therapies were able to reduce proinflammatory cytokines, decrease neutrophil infiltration, reduce permeability, and moderate hemorrhage and interstitial edema. Although MSCs and ATII cells have been described as targeting different cellular and molecular mechanisms, our data indicates that both cell therapies are successful for the treatment of ALI, with similar beneficial results. Understanding direct cell crosstalk and the factors released from each cell will open the door to more accurate drugs being able to target specific pathways and offer new curative options for ARDS.

Cinnamaldehyde-modified chitosan as a bio-derived corrosion inhibitor for acid pickling of copper: Microwave synthesis, experimental and computational study.

Chitosan (CS) was cross-linked using cinnamaldehyde (Cinn) in a single step procedure following microwave irradiation to produce cinnamaldehyde-modified chitosan (Cinn-CS). The synthesized Cinn-CS was used as a novel corrosion inhibitor for copper in 1 M hydrochloric acid. A comprehensive electrochemical investigation using the impedance measurements, and potentiodynamic polarization was undertaken, supported with surface analysis and computational studies. The inhibitor Cinn-CS functioned by adsorption on the copper surface and showed an inhibition efficiency of >89% at a dose of 1000 mgL-1. The charge transfer resistance showed a rise with increase in inhibitor dosage to the corrosive medium, and the corrosion currents showed a significant decrease with the addition of the inhibitor. The Cinn-CS displayed a mixed type of inhibition performance with cathodic nature. The study of the copper surface using scanning electron microscopy depicted a considerably smooth morphology in the presence of the adsorbed Cinn-CS. The computational studies indicated that the Cinn-CS Schiff base shows better adsorption behavior compared to the parent molecules of chitosan and cinnamaldehyde and can show an inhibition performance in the neutral, and the protonated form.

The effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl) on permanent molars: A scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) study.

It is well established that acid disposal is a potentially effective method used by criminal syndicates to hinder the identification of victims. This study documents the effects of continuous immersion in hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) on molars using macroscopic analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The goal of this study is to aid in distinguishing visually unrecognizable fragments of dental remains when drastic changes in morphology have occurred as a result of acid exposure. Macroscopic, SEM, and EDS analysis were conducted on seven maxillary molars before and after HCl treatment. Molars reduced in weight relative to the length of time immersed in HCl and the dissolution time was over 40 hours longer than reported in previous studies, at just over 66 hours. SEM and EDS analysis showed acid-treated teeth exhibited morphological patterns such as cracking and layering visible at high magnification. Calcium/phosphorous ratios fell within the expected range of 1.6-2.5, indicating that HCl-treated teeth are still identifiable as osseous or dental tissue even when not visually identifiable as teeth. This is the first study to present SEM images of molar cementum before and after immersion in HCl and to present EDS results. This information can assist researchers and investigators in determining the presence of dental tissue in a forensic context associated with acid disposal.

Prophylactic effect of Lactobacillus plantarum KSFY06 on HCl/ethanol-induced gastric injury in mice.

The present study was conducted to determine the prophylactic effect of Lactobacillus plantarum KSFY06 (LP-KSFY06) on HCl/ethanol-induced gastric injury in Kunming mice. The experimental mice were allocated into six groups: the normal group, HCl/ethanol treated group, HCl/ethanol + ranitidine treated group, HCl/ethanol + Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus (LB) treated group, HCl/ethanol + low concentration of Lactobacillus plantans KSFY06 (LP-KSFY06-L) treated group, and HCl/ethanol + high concentration of Lactobacillus plantans KSFY06 (LP-KSFY06-H) treated group. The changes in daily body weight and food intake of the mice in the HCl/ethanol + LP-KSFY06-H treated group were the closest to those of the HCl/ethanol + ranitidine treated and normal groups. LP-KSFY06 significantly inhibited the formation of gastric mucosal lesions, reduced the area of gastric lesions, inhibited gastric-juice secretion, and increased pH compared with the HCl/ethanol treated group. After the treatment, the serum interleukin-6 (IL)-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ levels and the gastric-tissue IL-6 and IL-12 levels in the LP-KSFY06 (including LP-KSFY06-L and LP-KSFY06-H) group decreased compared with those in the HCl/ethanol treated group. The level of serum and gastric tissue malondialdehyde was lower and the nitric oxide, total superoxide dismutase, and glutathione activities in the LP-KSFY06 treated mice were higher than those in the HCl/ethanol treated mice. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blot analysis showed that LP-KSFY06 increased the mRNA and protein expression of the epidermal growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, inhibitor kappaB-α, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and endothelial NOS and reduced the mRNA and protein expression of nuclear factor kappaB, inducible NOS, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α, and IL-1ß in gastric tissues compared with the HCl/ethanol treated mice. These experimental results showed that a high concentration (1.0 × 109 CFU per kg B.W.) of LP-KSFY06 had a stronger effect on preventing gastric injury than a low concentration (1.0 × 108 CFU per kg B.W.) of LP-KSFY06. These results suggest that LP-KSFY06 has a potential probiotic effect in preventing gastric injury.

Differences in the Natural Enamel Surface and Acquired Enamel Pellicle following Exposure to Citric or Hydrochloric Acid.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate variations in the interaction between enamel, that is, the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) and citric or hydrochloric acid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 24-h AEP was formed on natural enamel specimens (n = 40) from pooled whole mouth human saliva. Samples were randomly allocated to citric (0.3%, pH 3.2) or hydrochloric (HCl) acid (0.01 M, pH 2.38) exposure for 30 or 300 s. The total protein concentration (TPC), and phosphorous and calcium concentrations of the pellicle were determined before and after acid exposure, and again after re-immersion in saliva. Surface roughness and tandem scanning confocal microscopy imaging were used to assess enamel changes. RESULTS: After 300 s of citric acid exposure, the mean ± SD TPC reduced from 5.1 ± 1.1 to 3.5 ± 1.1 mg/mL (p < 0.05). In contrast, after 300 s of HCl exposure, the mean TPC did not reduce significantly from baseline (6.6 ± 1.1 to 5.7 ± 0.7 mg/mL) but was significantly reduced in the reformed pellicle to 4.9 ± 1.2 mg/mL (p < 0.001). This reduction occurred after significant release of calcium and phosphorous from the enamel surface (p < 0.001). Thirty seconds of exposure to either acid had no obvious effect on the AEP. The surface roughness of the enamel decreased after acid exposure but no differences between groups was observed. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that citric acid interacted with proteins in the AEP upon contact, offering enamel protection. In contrast, HCl appeared to bypass the pellicle, and reduced protein was observed only after changes in the enamel chemical composition.

Title: CO2 and HCl-induced seawater acidification impair the ingestion and digestion of blue mussel Mytilus edulis.

Anthropogenic CO2 emissions lead to seawater acidification that reportedly exerts deleterious impacts on marine organisms, especially on calcifying organisms such as mussels. A 21-day experiment focusing on the impacts of seawater acidification on the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, was performed in this study, within which two acidifying treatments, CO2 enrichment and HCl addition, were applied. Two acidifying pH values (7.7 and 7.1) and the alteration of the key physiological processes of ingestion and digestion were estimated. To thoroughly investigate the impact of acidification on mussels, a histopathological study approach was adopted. The results showed that: (1) Seawater acidification induced either by CO2 enrichment or HCl addition impaired the gill structure. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) results suggested that the most obvious impacts were inflammatory lesions and edema, while more distinct alterations, including endoplasmic reticulum edema, nuclear condensation and chromatin plate-like condensation, were placed in the CO2-treated groups compared to HCl-treated specimens. The ciliary activity of the CO2 group was significantly inhibited simultaneously, leading to an obstacle in food intake. (2) Seawater acidification prominently damaged the structure of digestive glands, and the enzymatic activities of amylase, protease and lipase significantly decreased, which might indicate that the digestion was suppressed. The negative impacts induced by the CO2 group were more severe than that by the HCl group. The present results suggest that acidification interferes with the processes of ingestion and digestion, which potentially inhibits the energy intake of mussels.

Esophageal acid sensitivity in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: Does esophageal hypomotility matter?

BACKGROUND/AIM: Esophageal acid sensitivity plays a role in symptomatic manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Esophageal hypomotility is common in patients with GERD. We aimed to determine whether esophageal acid sensitivity may differ between patients with and without esophageal hypomotility. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 41 consecutive patients (10 females, mean age 53 years, range 32-79) with typical reflux symptoms and 10 healthy subjects (5 females, mean age 45 years, range 28-56) for esophageal acid sensitivity and motility tests. Demographics, body mass index (BMI), and reflux symptoms using a validated questionnaire (GERDQ) were recorded. All subjects underwent infusion of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid in the esophagus at a rate of 10 mL/min for 10 minutes. The parameters for esophageal acid infusion included lag time, intensity rating, and acid sensitivity score. RESULTS: Esophageal motility diagnosis included 24 patients with normal motility and 17 patients with ineffective esophageal motility (IEM). Lag time was similar between the patient groups. No differences between patients with normal motility and IEM were found for any of other acid infusion parameters. There was a positive correlation between lag time and BMI (r = .33, P = .04). GERDQ was negatively correlated to lag time (r = -.73, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal acid sensitivity was similar in GERD patients with and without hypomotility. Decreased acid sensitivity in individuals with increasing body mass index may play a pathological role in symptomatic modulation of patients with GERD.

Prodigiosins from a marine sponge-associated actinomycete attenuate HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesion via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Gastric ulcer is sores that form in the stomach mucosal layer because of erosion caused by high acid secretion and excessive use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prodigiosins (PdGs) are red-pigmented secondary metabolites produced by bacteria, including actinomycetes. Butylcycloheptylprodigiosin (1) and undecylprodigiosin (2) were identified and isolated from a crude extract of the actinomycete RA2 isolated from the Red Sea Sponge Spheciospongia mastoidea. Chemical structure of 1 and 2 was determined by NMR and mass spectroscopy. Although their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are known, their effect on gastric lesion is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate gastroprotective effects of PdGs against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesion in rats. Oral pretreatment with PdGs (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) attenuated severity of HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, as evidenced by decreases in gastric lesion index scores, ulceration area, histopathologic abnormality, and neutrophil infiltration. These effects were comparable to those of omeprazole, a standard anti-gastric ulcer agent. HCl/ethanol-induced gastric erosions was associated with tremendous increases in lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators (myeloperoxidase, interleukin-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cyclooxygenase-2), and with significant decreases in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. However, PdGs ameliorated gastric inflammation and oxidative stress by downregulating nuclear factor kappa B and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and upregulating heme oxygenase-1 expression. PdGs prevented gastric mucosal apoptosis by downregulating Bax and caspase-3 expression and upregulating Bcl-2 expression, thereby increasing prostaglandin E2 production. Our results suggested that PdGs exerted gastroprotective effects by decreasing the levels of inflammatory mediators, apoptotic markers, and antioxidants.

Protective effect of silkworm pupa oil on hydrochloric acid/ethanol-induced gastric ulcers.

BACKGROUND: Silkworm pupae are a traditional Chinese food, rich in various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids have a certain protective effect against oxidative damage. The present study used an animal model to determine the protective effect of silkworm pupa oil on hydrochloric acid / ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. RESULTS: Silkworm pupa oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, including palmitoleic acid 63.4 g kg-1 , oleic acid 249.1 g kg-1 , linoleic acid 47.0 g kg-1 , and linolenic acid 337.8 g kg-1 , whereas its unsaturated fatty acid content is 700 g kg-1 . Compared to a gastric ulcer control group, high and low doses of pupa oil reduced gastric ulcer area and gastric secretion, whereas gastric pH increased. It also increased serum antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, somatostatin (SST), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels, and reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), motilin (MTL), and gastrin (GT) levels. RT-qPCR and western blot analyses indicated that silkworm pupa oil significantly increased CAT, GSH-Px, epidermal growth factor (EGF), Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and NF-kappa-B inhibitor-α (IκB-α) expression and lowered nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. CONCLUSION: Silkworm pupa oil treatment reduced oxidative damage and inflammation in mice, and high-dose silkworm pupa oil was superior to low-dose silkworm pupa oil, following ranitidine. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type B agonist baclofen inhibits acid-induced excitation of secondary peristalsis but not heartburn sensation.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Acute esophageal acid infusion promotes distension-induced secondary peristalsis. The gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type B (GABA-B) receptors activation inhibits secondary peristalsis. This study aimed to test the hypothesis whether acid excitation of secondary peristalsis can be influenced by baclofen. METHODS: Secondary peristalsis was performed with intra-esophageal slow and rapid air injections in 13 healthy subjects. Direct esophageal infusion of 0.1 N HCl following pretreatment with placebo or baclofen was randomly performed at least 1 week apart. Symptom intensity, distension thresholds, and peristaltic parameters were determined and compared between each study protocol. RESULTS: The intensity of heartburn symptom in response to esophageal acid infusion was significantly greater with baclofen than the placebo (P = 0.002). The threshold volume of secondary peristalsis during slow air injections in response to acid infusion was significantly greater with baclofen than the placebo (P = 0.001). Baclofen significantly increased the threshold volume of secondary peristalsis during rapid air injections in response to acid infusion (P = 0.001). The frequency of secondary peristalsis in response to acid infusion was significantly decreased by baclofen as compared with the placebo (P = 0.001). Baclofen significantly decreased peristaltic amplitudes in response to acid infusion during rapid air injections (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type B agonist baclofen inhibits acid excitation of secondary peristalsis in human esophagus, which is probably mediated by both muscular and mucosal mechanoreceptors. This work supports the evidence of potential involvement of GABA-B receptors in negative modulation of acid excitation of esophageal perception as well as secondary peristalsis.

Effect of sucralfate against hydrochloric acid-induced dental erosion.

OBJECTIVE: Devising effective measures for the prevention of hydrochloric acid (HCl)-induced erosion is of great significance. This is even more important in dentine, in which products have limited diffusion. Therefore, agents that can bind to proteins forming an acid-resistant gel-like coat, such as sucralfate, may stand out as a promising alternative. This study investigated the protective effect of sucralfate suspensions against HCl-induced dental erosion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the first experiment, hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals were pre-treated with a commercial sucralfate suspension (CoSS, pH 5.9), a stannous-containing sodium fluoride solution (NaF/SnCl2 pH 4.5), two prepared sucralfate suspensions (PrSS, pH 5.9 and 4.5), or deionized water (DI, control). HAp dissolution was measured using a pH-stat system. In a subsequent experiment, embedded/polished enamel and root dentine slabs were allocated into five groups to be treated with one of the tested substances prior to and during erosion-remineralization cycles (HCl-2 min + artificial saliva 60 min, two times per day, 5 days). Surface loss was assessed profilometrically. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's tests. RESULTS: HAp dissolution was as follows: NaF/SnCl2 < CoSS < PrSS/pH 4.5, while PrSS/pH 5.9 = DI and both did not differ from CoSS and PrSS/pH 4.5. In enamel, surface loss did not differ between CoSS and PrSS/pH 4.5, with both having lower surface loss than PrSS/pH 5.9 and DI and NaF/SnCl2 differing only from DI. In root dentine, surface loss was as follows: CoSS < PrSS/pH 5.9 < (NaF/SnCl2 = DI), while PrSS/pH 4.5 = CoSS = PrSS/pH 5.9. CONCLUSION: Sucralfate suspension provided anti-erosive protection to HCl-induced erosion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Sucralfate may protect teeth against erosion caused by gastric acid.

Eco-Pap: The Ecological Modification of the Papanicolaou Stain for Sustainable Cervical Cancer Diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES: To validate the ecological modification of the Papanicolaou stain (Eco-Pap) for the diagnosis of cervical cancer. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study was performed at the Mother and Child "San Bartolomé" Hospital, Lima, Peru. Reagent handling strategies were divided into three phases: we used (1) Harris progressive hematoxylin (for nuclear staining), (2) a polychromatic solution (a mix of EA-36/Orange G-6 to suppress the use of several alcohol baths), and (3) direct mounting (with Entellan® solution). The cellular details were analyzed by the staining quality index, an external quality control, and the Bethesda System 2014. RESULTS: We evaluated 72,901 cervical smears stained with the Eco-Pap. The validation of the Eco-Pap against the conventional Pap stain was optimal (κ = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.87-0.92), showing a sensibility and specificity of 88.3% (95% CI: 85.1-90.0) and 98.7% (95% CI: 98-99.2), respectively. The Eco-Pap dramatically reduced the environmental pollution caused by 72 L of xylene, hydrochloric acid, and ammonia (6 L each) and mercury oxide. CONCLUSION: The Eco-Pap is an innovative and efficient staining method reducing the use of toxic reagents with carcinogenic potential during cervical cancer screening by exfoliative cytology.

Preventive Effect of Raw Liubao Tea Polyphenols on Mouse Gastric Injuries Induced by HCl/Ethanol via Anti-Oxidative Stress.

Liubao tea is a type of traditional Chinese tea, belonging to the dark teas. This study is a basic research of the contained polyphenols (active substances) and detected preventive effects of polyphenols of raw Liubao tea (PRLT) on mouse gastric injuries induced by HCl/ethanol. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to analyze the components of PRLT. Furthermore, a mouse gastric injury model was established to observe the preventive effects. PRLT was shown to contain gallic acid, EGC (epigallocatechin), catechin, caffeine, EC (epicatechin), EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate), GCG (gallocatechin gallate), and ECG (epicatechin gallate). The results of the in vivo study indicate that PRLT can inhibit the observed increase of gastric juice volume and decrease of gastric juice pH caused by gastric injury. PRLT can decrease the serum levels of IL-6 (interleukin-6), IL-12 (interleukin-12), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), and IFN-γ (interferon-γ) in mice with gastric injuries. Moreover, it can also increase the serum levels of SS (somatostatin) and VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) and reduce the serum levels of both SP (substance P) and ET-1 (endothelin-1). PRLT was also shown to increase SOD (superoxide dismutase) and GSH (glutathione) levels and decrease MDA (malondialdehyde) level. The detection of mRNA and protein in gastric tissues indicates that PRLT could also up-regulate the expression of Cu/Zn-SOD (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase), Mn-SOD (manganese superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase), and eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and down-regulate the expression of both iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2). Thus, PRLT possess a good preventive effect on gastric injury, which is directly related to the contained active substance. PRLT show good anti-oxidative and preventive effect in gastric injury and offer promising application value.

Gastroprotective Activity of Parastrephia quadrangularis (Meyen), Cabrera from the Atacama Desert.

Forty-three metabolites including several methoxylated flavonoids, tremetones, and ent-clerodane diterpenes were accurately identified for the first time in the ethanolic extract of P. quadrangularis by means of hyphenated UHPLC-quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and seven isolated compounds were tested regarding gastroprotective activity using the HCl/EtOH-induced lesion model in mice. A new tremetone (compound 6) is reported based on spectroscopic evidence. The isolated clerodanes and tremetones showed gastroprotective activity in a mouse model, evidenced by compound 7 (p-coumaroyloxytremetone), which showed the highest gastroprotective activity (76%), which was higher than the control drug lansoprazole (72%). Our findings revealed that several constituents of this plant have gastroprotective activity, and particularly, p-coumaroyloxytremetone could be considered as a lead molecule to explore new gastroprotective agents. This plant is a rich source of biologically active tremetones and terpenoids which can support the ethnobotanical use of the plant.